Aristotle s Theories Of Aristotle - 729 Words

Aristotle’s Theories Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher. He was born in 384 B.C in Stagira, Northern Greece. At an early age he went to study at Plato’s Academy. Aristotle was the student of Plato. However, Aristotle’s scientific approach was much different than Plato’s. Aristotle was known as teacher to famous Alexander the Great. Later on Aristotle opened his own school, the Lyceum at Athens. Aristotle is an important image because he is the father of Science. Aristotle had many contributions not only to philosophy but also to philosophy of science. He has explained different theories which are the inductive/deductive methods, four stages, and form and matter. His theories are important because they are being still used today. The inductive and deductive methods are basically logical arguments. Aristotle logic revolves around deductive and inductive methods. According to John Losee book called â€Å" Philosophy of Science† he stated â€Å" Aristotle viewed scientific inquiry as a progression from observations to general principles and back to observations. He maintained that the scientist should induce explanatory principles from the phenomena to be explained, and then deuce statements about the phenome from premises which include these principles.† ( Losee,6). He believed that scientific problems start with knowing that certain event occur. He believed that there is an observation then there is in induction that is used for the observation of the world toShow MoreRelatedAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Virtue2685 Words   |  11 PagesEpictetus and Aristotle in Practice Mankind has been searching for existential reasoning since our earliest beginnings. One of the biggest questions, the one that keeps me up at night, â€Å"How ought we to live?† will be explained from the viewpoints of Epictetus in his Enchiridion and Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics. In this paper, I will discuss both philosophies in principle and practice, while giving insight to how to they may function in a modern world situation. Although both theories have usefulRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Aristotle1629 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle Exam Similar to the teachings of his mentor, Plato, Aristotle’s philosophy finds its answers to major questions from the perspective of the teleological worldview. In the very first sentence of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle introduces his teleological world view by asserting that every activity is aimed at a telos, or end, and how men move from potency to act. Aristotle then proceeds to outline his argument using the Teleological approach as he tries to answer the question: â€Å"what isRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Theory Of Moral Virtue1229 Words   |  5 PagesNietzsche and Aristotle were two of the most significant philosopher of not only their time but their works has lasted throughout the centuries to influence even some today’s greatest minds. Their works however could not be any separated, Aristotle is a prominent figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agricu lture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of great thinkers such as Plato and SocratesRead MoreAristotle And Aristotle s Moral Theory3135 Words   |  13 Pagesis a reputable temperament for deliberate and free conduct of the proper sort. In providing the central concept of a morally adequate lifestyle, such concept of a state of character or virtue is essential in the fulfillment of morality. To which, Aristotle states throughout Nichomachean Ethics, as well as other philosophers, is the question of moral philosophy, not simply how one is to be conducted and be perceived in life, but how one is to become readily disposed so that such actions are viably possibleRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Happiness1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmental and physical health. Every person wants to experience true happiness throughout his/her life. Nevertheless, everyone is suffering finding sustainable happiness. Aristotle, in his work called Nicomachean Ethics, presents the concept that livi ng a virtuous life will produce sustainable happiness for a lifetime. According to Aristotle, everything we do aims to some goods, or ends, and for him, the best good would be happiness. Additionally, he mentions that happiness is not easy to defined, someRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Nature Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pageselements(Physics 84a. 14-15). To exhibit we have knowledge of a specific subject matter we have to display and vocalize the contributing components that describe the subject. Aristotle titles these principles, causes and elements as previously listed.Therefore, the knowledge of nature must arise with questioning principles. Aristotle contends that only the elements and principles can be revealed once going from the proclaimed universal to the particular(Physics 184a.24). This paper will examine the particularRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Philosophy1904 Words   |  8 Pagessupported them through various means. Aristotle is one of the most famous examples of a p hilosopher that does exactly that. Though mainly the influence was on the ancient world, his theories have a wide variety and assortment that has been an extreme influence on generations of philosophers even today. Aristotle’s efforts were able to answer questions that had been within the minds of Greeks for centuries! For a few examples, reality is explained through his theories as well as if it changes from ourRead MoreThe Theory Of Aristotle s Theory1488 Words   |  6 Pages Similar to Heraclitus, Aristotle finds that everything is in a constant state of flux. For Aristotle flux, or movement, is dependent on something acting on the thing that is being moved, the mover. Thus, in Aristotle’s Physics we are first introduced to the topic of the unmoved mover: that which moves without being moved, also formally known as the Prime mover. Historically this theory has resulted in a monotheistic concept that has been advanced not only by Aristotle, but also thinkers such asRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Truth1904 Words   |  8 PagesEver since the beginning of time, humanity has had an insane infatuation towards knowing and pinpointing the truth. For truth provided that sense of reassurance and acceptance that a belief and/or theory adequately did. Truth clarified outrageous beliefs, proved others wrong and gave the gift of certainty. Ironically, however, the word â€Å"truth† itself is difficult, vague and quite puzzling to define, although it c ould very well be the difference between life and death, innocence and guiltiness. LikeRead MoreAristotle s Theory Of Atomos Theory2534 Words   |  11 Pageswhich in greek meant ‘indivisible/ uncuttable’. However this idea was rejected in favour of another philosopher, Aristotle, whose theory was that all matter was made up of 4 elements, fire, water, air and earth. For thousands of years Democritus’s Atomos theory was only believed to have been speculation, until the early 1800’s when an english chemist named John Dalton who used the theory of atomos or atoms to explain why elements always reacted in small ratios of whole numbers and how water absorbs

Symbolic Interaction Theory Essay - 967 Words

The discussion in this paper outlines the significance of symbolic interaction theory as it can be helpful to analyze, critique, and understand interpersonal communication. The meanings assigned through symbols can be altered through an interpretive process which is directly related with the communication process. This interpretive process, therefore, highlights the importance of communication process for interaction with society. Symbolic interaction theory explains the ways in which family as a unit interacts with each other engaging in verbal and nonverbal communication. This theory uses the basic modes and symbols to communicate and convey or receive messages. The symbols humans use to interact are gestures, rules, words, and roles.†¦show more content†¦The symbols for interaction are both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. The purpose of communication is to convey messages across to others. This is a process that involves the sender and receiver of the message . By getting the message successfully, thoughts and ideas can be effectively conveyed. Such ideas and thoughts can be conveyed by speaking to other person, writing it or by explaining through symbols and signs. Verbal Communication occurs through speaking or exchange of words. It requires the usage of vocabulary, words, symbols, and numbers and is organized in sentences by using language. It is pertinent in mastering linguistic skills and is not reserved for the selected few but is a special skill that every one should develop to improve interactions and relationships. Everyone’s mind is continuously having thoughts and they are mostly with words listened to, spoken or written that have certain impact on people’s lives. They possess the power to create certain emotions and accordingly move people to take specific action. On delivering verbal communication clearly and accurately, an individual activates the mind and encourages the element of creativity (Holliday 122-140 ) Non-verbal Communication is used to convey thoughts or ideas through symbols, gestures, signs or facial expressions. Non-verbal communication is the process of transmitting messages without any spoken words, atShow MoreRelatedSymbolic Interaction Theory And Conflict Theory1943 Words   |  8 PagesSymbolic Interaction Theory and Conflict Theory Social work is one of the approaches in assisting people to adjust to society with its complex rules and structures, while it involves individuals and groups that struggle to survive. According to Rogers (2013), social work is not simple due to a variety of challenges, the human behavior being one of the most serious ones, as people do not have straightforward problems. In this respect, analysis and application of social theories facilitates the missionRead MoreThe Symbolic Interaction Theory and My Family1402 Words   |  6 PagesThe Symbolic Interaction theory refers to ways in which a family or society attaches meaning to verbal communication, non-verbal communication, people, and objects. We are taught from a young age communication using verbal language and accepted ways to express our needs. The theory represents perception of objects or actions (Macionis, 2007, p.17). Members of a family learn what is acceptable within the family. We also can know through body language when a family member is stressed, angry, happyRead MoreSymbolic Interaction Theory By George Herbert Mead1122 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolic interaction theory emerged in the early 1900s and is still one of the more frequently used theories in the family studies (Smith Hamon, 2012). The theory assumes that people have different interpretations of situations due to their personal experiences (Smith Hamon, 2012). By looking at the behaviors of individuals, symbolic interaction theory explains how multiple people have different reactions to the same situation (Smith Hamon, 2012). Four principal scholars explored the symbolicRead MoreThe Use Of Symbolic Interaction And Dramaturgical Theory Perspective Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesSaint Leo University Social Interaction SOC-332-CL01 Mr. Adams 5 October 2014 Erving Goffman was a sociologist known for developing the symbolic interaction and dramaturgical theory perspective. The dramaturgical theory is a social psychological perspective that studies human behavior and social interaction in terms of the analogy of the theater. This perspective is also related to symbolic interactionism. Symbolic interactionism is a theory based on interaction and communication, facilitatedRead MoreSymbolic Interaction: My Favorite Sociological Theory1235 Words   |  5 PagesMy Favorite Sociological Theory Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note My Favorite Sociological Theory There were several theories that I found interesting as a part of the course, yet the theory that I connected with most personally was Symbolic Interaction. This theory was established first by George Herbert Mead, who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism first. The theory has been present in the field of sociology for several decades, and after the death of MeadRead MoreHistory And Development Of Mead s Symbolic Interaction Theory951 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Development of Mead’s Symbolic Interaction Theory George Herbert Mead’s theory, which â€Å"centers on the relationships between symbols and interactions between people using these symbols,† best known today as the Symbolic Interaction Theory, was first published in 1934 (West, 2014, pg. 73). In today’s society, symbols have many meanings and the interpretations we draw from them can be positive or negative. The way we interpret these meanings influence how we act on a daily basis as MeadRead MoreSociological Theories, Conflict, Structural Functionalism And Symbolic Interaction1588 Words   |  7 Pagesby parents were with â€Å"personal weapons,† such as choking, beating, or drowning. Caucasian men and women between the age of 20 to 30 middle and lower class parents are likely to commit filicide. Three sociological theories, conflict, structural functionalism and symbolic interaction explain the different aspects of the family institution and the problem of why these types of crime occur. Observatio n of the family, not just the infant may detect a problem before it turns into a criminal act. TheRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pages By utilizing the different the three main sociological perspectives of functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactions. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religionRead MoreSymbolic Interaction Theory : The Looking Glass Self And Romantic Relationships1126 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolic Interaction is a sociological perspective that has influenced numerous areas in the sociological field. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that societies create and develop through social interaction with others. Symbolic interaction theory has greatly impacted our world. This theory helps one understand how individuals shape their own reality and create norms. This essay focuses on the symbolic interaction theory through the looking-glass-self and romantic relationships. Read MoreLabeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. It1000 Words   |  4 PagesLabeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. It means that deviance is not a natural tendency of an individual, but instead focuses on the tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities or those seen as deviant from standard cultural norms. The theory is based off how people tend to own up to what society claims them to be. The theory came about during the 1960s and 1970s. A lot of the theory’s symptoms are still noticeable today. Labeling theory

Consumer Behavior Pearson Higher Education â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Consumer Behavior Pearson Higher Education? Answer: Introduction: The evolution observed in context of business environment has been characterized by the majority of influence on business performance being derived from customer behaviour and perception of brands. The element of service quality has become a major priority for customers to recognize the effectiveness of value proposition facilitated by organizations. The retail sector is expanding at exponential rates with the increasing opportunities for foreign direct investments being observed in many international markets. The customer base targeted by the retail sector is inclusive of a wider share of population in any given market with the major dependency on groceries and apparel. Therefore, the perception of service quality by customers in the retail sector could be apprehended as a major influence on performance of companies in the sector (Albert Merunka, 2013). The following research proposal aims to illustrate the outline for a research activity that would resolve the impact of perceived quality on preferences of customers in the retail sector. The essential highlights that can be observed in this business research proposal include a justification for the selected research topic and derive research questions that would be relevant to the context of the research issue (Ballantine Au Yeung, 2015). Furthermore, the proposal also provides a comprehensive review of the research methodology that could be implemented for resolving the research questions before reaching on a feasible conclusion. Research questions: The significance of research questions could be ascertained in a research activity as the major determinants of research objectives that would account as viable contributors to the research methodology. Research questions act as the guiding benchmarks for identifying relevant literature rather than engaging in confusion due to the diversity of aspects related to perception of service quality and customer choices. The following research questions could be presented within the context of the research activity: How is retail service quality measured? The justification for this question can be observed in the outcomes for identifying the impact of the dimensions of service quality such as reliability, empathy, tangibles, assurance and responsiveness which are profoundly observed in retail sector (Dijk, Antonides Schillewaert, 2014). Approaches for resolution of this question could lead to identification of the different scales used for determining service quality in the retail sector thereby obtaining a credible impression of its impact on consumers perception of service quality. What is the effect of the stores image on perception of service quality? The validity for this question could be provided on the grounds of identification of the functional and psychological implications of the image of a store on the choices of customers. The role of store image as a notable contributor to the positioning of a brand in the market can also be accounted as a relevant influence on customer choices (Fall Diallo et al., 2013). Therefore, this research question can provide a comprehensive impression of the impact of functional features in a store on the perception of the service quality by customers thereby leading to effects on customer choices. How could the perception of service quality be related to customer behaviour? The justification of the question could be provided on the grounds of the opportunity to resolve the primary research objective of identifying the relation between service quality perception and customer choices (Viktoria Rampl Kenning, 2014). The approach for addressing the research question could provide viable insights into the diverse theoretical perspectives related to marketing and consumer behaviour. It would also contribute to the recognition of various functions such as mental, emotional and physical activities that are utilized by customers for selecting, using and disposal of a product (Joy et al., 2014). The variety of products in the retail sector alongside the increasing competitiveness is responsible for profound complexities for customers to base their purchase decisions. Therefore, the identification of factors influencing customer behaviour and the relevance of service quality perception could be helpful for resolving the research objective. Research methodology: The research methodology can be described as the collective term that comprises of the various approaches required for conducting a research activity. The process of research design is implemented for developing the research methodology which is responsible for providing a systematic design for resolution of the research problem. The research design relies on the evaluation of research problem to select the appropriate methodology for the research activity (Rani, 2014). However, some of the essential highlights that could be included in a research design refer to definition of the population for the research activity, sampling, data collection and methods for data analysis. The population for a specific research activity could be identified in the combination of people or objects that share a similar characteristic and can provide reasonable information pertaining to the research activity. It is also essential to consider the specific sections of the target population which can be accessed by the researcher and is generally subject to the concerns of region, state or country. In the case of the concerned research activity, the population includes the retail sector customers in Australia (Kaswengi Diallo, 2015). However, the researcher could have access only to a specific part of the population due to limitations of research costs or other restraints. Furthermore, it can be clearly anticipated that all members of the population could not be adequately aware of the concepts pertaining to the research issue which creates the need for a sample design. The sample could be defined as a subset of the accessible population which comprises of people or objects that share a similar characteristic and can be accounted as credible participants in the research activity. The most commonly observed classifications of sampling include probability and non-probability sampling. Probability sampling can be defined in scenarios when every member of the population has a probability of being included in the sample (Nenycz?Thiel Romaniuk, 2014). On the other hand, non-probability sampling is reliant on the selection of participants according to a specific precedent. The distinct methods that can be categorized under probability sampling refer to random sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling. Non probability sampling methods include judgment sampling, snowball sampling and quota sampling. The sampling method that would be most suitable for this research activity could be stratified sampling which assists the researchers in creating another subset within the selected population with a specific category (Pearson, 2016). The stratified sample that can be presented in this business research proposal would include retail sector customers in Australia at Myers (Solomon, 2014). Data collection: The integral aspect of every research activity is to collect accurate and adequate amount of data that could be used for addressing the research questions comprehensively. Data collection has always been a formidable setback in the case of research due to the inadequacy of data. The different approaches and methods implemented for collection of data could be classified into two broad sections referred to as primary data collection and secondary data collection. Secondary data collection for the research activity would be derived from the literary sources, journal publications and research studies related to measures for perception of service quality and the factors influencing customer behaviour (Rosenbaum-Elliott, Percy Pervan, 2015). The impact of the primary data collection is considered crucial for a research activity as it provides insights into practical or real-time data acquired from the field. Primary data collection could be realized through different methods such as inter views or surveys. Surveys could be conducted through delivering questionnaires, observation, telephonic interviews or scheduling and the researcher could select an appropriate method depending on the sample size, access and available resources (Severi Ling, 2013). The business research proposal would prefer to recommend the method of survey through questionnaires ( Appendix I) that would be distributed to customers at the retail stores of Myers. The method of conducting a survey through delivering the questionnaire through mail to customers could also be adopted by the researchers (Rindell, Strandvik Wiln, 2014). Despite the advantages of primary data collection methods, the pitfalls such as inadequate response rate or the inappropriate design of questionnaire could be reflective of consequences for the final research outcome. Data analysis method would be deductive in nature that would involve the interpretation of the research outcomes in terms of the most influential factors on customer behaviour. Since the questionnaire would involve open ended questions related to the different aspects of store image that affect the customers perception of service quality, it is imperative to apply the deductive approach for analysis. The use of secondary data in the analysis would be crucial in the analysis process owing to the support of theoretical contexts in the deduction process. The analysis process would utilize graphical representation of the close ended questions in order to provide a visual illustration of the research findings (Schiffman et al., 2013). The understanding of the demographic details of the participants from the close ended questions would assist in determining the psychological and functional aspects of the retail store image which appeal to specific customer groups based on age or gender. Research plan: The research plan could be outlined in the form of the distinct activities involved in the research and the time required for completion of each task. The following Gantt chart would provide a viable interpretation of the research plan. Activity Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Selection of Topic Identification of research problem Formulate research objectives Literature review Selection of population and sample Primary data collection Data analysis Findings and recommendations Final formatting and submission Conclusion It is also essential to include the ethical precedents and limitations of the research activity in the research methodology. The researcher should not include any questions in the survey questionnaire that demand personal information or make the participant uncomfortable in answering the questions. Another prominent ethical concern that should be addressed by the researcher refers to preserving the confidentiality of the data furbished by participants. The limitations which can be profoundly noted in the case of this research activity would imply references to the lack of resources in terms of time and financial resources. (Limitations were presented in conclusion section). References Albert, N. and Merunka, D., 2013. The role of brand love in consumer-brand relationships. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 30(3), pp.258-266. Ballantine, P.W. and Au Yeung, C., 2015. The effects of review valence in organic versus sponsored blog sites on perceived credibility, brand attitude, and behavioural intentions. Marketing Intelligence Planning, 33(4), pp.508-521. Dijk, J., Antonides, G. and Schillewaert, N., 2014. Effects of co?creation claim on consumer brand perceptions and behavioural intentions. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 38(1), pp.110-118. Fall Diallo, M., Chandon, J.L., Cliquet, G. and Philippe, J., 2013. Factors influencing consumer behaviour towards store brands: evidence from the French market. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 41(6), pp.422-441. Joy, A., Wang, J.J., Chan, T.S., Sherry, J.F. and Cui, G., 2014. M (Art) worlds: consumer perceptions of how luxury brand stores become art institutions. Journal of Retailing, 90(3), pp.347-364. Rani, P., 2014.Factors influencing consumer behaviour. International journal of current research and academic review, 2(9), pp.52-61. Kaswengi, J. and Diallo, M.F., 2015. Consumer choice of store brands across store formats: A panel data analysis under crisis periods. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 23, pp.70-76. Nenyz?Thiel, M. and Romaniuk, J., 2014.The real difference between consumers' perceptions of private labels and national brands. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13(4), pp.262-269. Pearson, S., 2016.Building brands directly: creating business value from customer relationships. Springer. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L. and Pervan, S., 2015.Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA. Rindell, A., Strandvik, T. and Wiln, K., 2014.Ethical consumers' brand avoidance. Journal of Product Brand Management, 23(2), pp.114-120. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013. Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Schivinski, B. and Dabrowski, D., 2016. The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(2), pp.189-214. Severi, E. and Ling, K.C., 2013. The mediating effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand image and perceived quality on brand equity. Asian Social Science, 9(3), p.125. Solomon, M.R., 2014. Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being (Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ViktoriaRampl, L. and Kenning, P., 2014. Employer brand trust and affect: linking brand personality to employer brand attractiveness. European Journal of Marketing, 48(1/2), pp.218-236.

The similarities and differences between William Shakespeare and Andrew Marvell Essay Example

The similarities and differences between William Shakespeare and Andrew Marvell Essay Andrew Marvell and William Shakespeare both write their poems featuring love and time, which are the two main themes of the poems. In Andrew Marvells to his coy mistress the love is physical in contrast to William Shakespeares sonnet 116 in which the love is passionate. They have many similarities and differences between the two poets. For example they both use time to illustrate their feelings about love. Both poets believe that love is important, as they have taken time to write a poem, however what they believe differs.Andrew Marvells attitude to love is rude and vulgar where as William Shakespeares love is romantic as he believes that a couple should always remain together even if they argue. In the first stanza of To His Coy Mistress Marvell is extremely romantic, as he wants to impress his mistress. He says to herThou by the Indian Ganges side shouldst find rubiesThis phrase explains that the Mistress should go to the river Ganges where she is able to find rubies. I believe tha t Marvell particularly chose the Ganges for his Mistress, as the Ganges is a hot, warm, exotic and a romantic place. I can tell that Marvell has a lot of affectionate love for his Mistress as he constantly speaks about love. Another phrase that Marvell uses is: -My vegetable Love should grow vaster then empiresThis means that Marvells love will grow fast and deeply like vegetables. This shows more romanticism as he shows us how much he loves her and how deep his love is. In the first stanza Marvell is romantic and caring.In the first quatrain of Sonnet 116, William Shakespeares opening lines explains that when a couple want to be together nothing should get in their way and true love should never keep changing. I believe the reason for Shakespeare to start the opening lines like that is because it tells us what love should be like.In the second stanza of To His Coy Mistress Marvells attitude to love changes as he becomes cruel, vulgar, rude and unpleasant. My opinion is that love is not in his mind anymore, all he wants is to take away her virginity. Nevertheless in the third stanza he changes again, Marvell becomes romantic, affectionate and is enthusiastic about their future. In contrast like the first stanza, but he wants to have fun with her quickly as he believes that there is not enough time left.In the second quatrain Shakespeare talks a lot about what should be like. He says: -That looks tempest and is never shakenThis means that if they argue they should always remain together.Form both of the texts I believe that Shakespeare is much more romantic as he writes what he believes and how he believes love should be, whereas Marvell is romantic but changes his personality about love all the time as he is extremely selfish.Both poets use time as a feature of the texts. The main reason behind them using time is because they both believe that there is not sufficient time left. In the first stanza Marvell begins with the word had, this word gives us an express ion in what he would like to do if there was more time. In the second stanza Marvell wants to sleep with his Mistress so he starts that stanza off with the word But this is because he believes that there is not enough time left. Marvell persuades his Mistress to sleep with him by saying: -Then worms shall try that long preserved virginityThis means, that worms will take away your virginity. I believe that he says that to her as he is cruel and he want to try and scare her however Marvell says that to make his Mistress feel guilty so she doesnt waste time and loses her virginity to Marvell. In the third stanza Marvell does want to waste the time they have left in the world and wants to spend as much time he can with his mistress, I know this because he says: -Rather at once our time devour and thus though we cannot make our sun stand still, yet we will make him runThis means that they are unable to stop time but can use the time they have wisely.William Shakespeare mainly uses time in the last quatrain of the sonnet. He speaks about time running out and what the affections of time running out are. He believes that when time runs out everyone would die and nobody would be able to love each other. The quotations used for this isWithin his bending sickle compass come,He says these because he believes that time is going to run out if people do not love each other and keep faithful to one another.Each poets tone of voice changes throughout the texts. In To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell speaks to his Mistress differently in all three of the stanzas. In the first stanza Marvell speaks to her in a well mannered, well respected and in a calm way. I believe that he speaks like in the first stanza because he wants to show his Mistress how much he cares for her. I have also realised this because the pace that he is speaking to her is slow and this shows us that he reflects his own feelings.In the second stanza Marvells tone of voice is high pitched, loud and disturbing as he speaks in an awful way as he speaks in a discourteous way to his Mistress. The reason that he speaks that way is because he is trying to persuade his Mistress to enter into a physical relationship with him. In the final stanza his pace is slightly faster in contrast to the first stanza. The reason behind this is because he wants to spend as much time with her as possible.William Shakespeares tone of voice doesnt change as much as Andrew Marvells tone of voice as Shakespeares style in writing poems is a conversational type. He speaks casually as he would speak to somebody else. His tone of voice is strong as he says what he believes.Both poets use imagery in the poems to show us what is happening in the scenes, it gives a little picture so we can understand the story much enhanced and creates different atmospheres. Andrew Marvell uses imagery buy saying,My vegetable love shouldst grow vaster then empiresThis gives a picture of a vegetable growing quicker then an empire. In the second stanza Marvell uses imagery to say,Then worms shall try that long preserved virginityThis gives a picture of worms all over the Mistress taking away her virginity. William Shakespeare also uses imagery in his Sonnet 116. For example he says,It is the star to every wandering barkThis gives a picture of love guiding us to the right direction. Another example is: -But bears it out even to the edge of doomThis line gives a picture of love being here forever until somebody dies.Both poets have written their poems as the first person, this is because both poets have talked about their own feelings. Shakespeare is aiming his views at anybody who is interested in reading his work whereas Marvell is aiming his poem at a woman whom he is trying to persuade to do what he wants.To His Coy Mistress and Sonnet 116 were both written at about the same periods of time but have different attitudes to love. I believe that both poets believe in love as they have both used their valuable time to write a poem. They are also incredibly passionate about love but Shakespeare believes in true love in contrast to Marvell where he is after a physical gratification of love. Both poets styles of writing are powerful as Marvells is demanding whereas Shakespeares are repetitive which I believe gives us a better understanding of the poem.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows †Part 2

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part2 is the final release of the eight Harry Potter series. This second part completes the much anticipated adventurous two full length motion film picture. The final epic â€Å"shows a battle between the good and the evil forces of using magic in the wizard world† (Schilling np). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This part continues from the fist Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows series where Harry seeks to find and ensure he destroys Lord Voldemort Horcruxes who killed Harry’s parents and also has for a very long time planned to kill Harry and gain control of the wizard world. Its first release on Friday 15th July recorded massive revenue returns of $ 92.1 million. According to McClintock, this collection is the biggest day gross time of all time. From overseas, the first day of the film’s opening collected $75 million in sales. Harry Potter becomes the only movie series to record the highest opening weekend record world wide with a total of $314 million breaking the record set by the Dark night series for three years internationally. Before its release, advance tickets to watch the film had recorded $32M in sales marking a new preopening record. At the beginning of March, a series of interviews were carried out after the fist preview of the movie was done. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows first poster was released on 28th march with an interesting caption â€Å"IT ALL ENDS 7.15†depicting the last series of the movie to be produced and also the first day of its first release to the theaters. In April the movie’s theatrical trailer was released showing footages of the much anticipated movie. A lot of efforts were put into consideration to market the movie. During the June MTV Awards Emma Watson gave a sneak preview of t he movie (Silvester 50). Harry Potter movies are based on the novels written by J.K Rowling, a renowned fiction writer. Records show that over 450 million books have been sold to children and hundreds have been borrowed from the libraries. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The movie is rated 13 making it a family genre fit to be watched by all people. The reason why the movie works is because its series has been consistent in the output or the end results from each Harry Potter movie for over a decade since its creation. Feedback From the loyal fans of Harry Potter, the scale efforts used to produce the movies has not changed. More so the producers have tried to add more special effects making the movies even more interesting especially putting into consideration that the lead characters encounter ordinary situations have fears and their prejudices bringing out the fant asy world close to reality. The better part of this movie is the conversion made from 2D-3D a conversion the producers noted to have used in order to make the end result a satisfying experience to its audience and to also serve as the reason why the story becomes real. The movies production excelles in the photography techniques used (Gray np). Harry potter is a film production of the Warner Brothers Pictures. This film was produced in a number of studios including; Heyday Films, Moving Picture Company (MPC), Warner Bros. Pictures Warner Bros. and the sets were directed from Leavesden studios, Pinewood Studios. There were several distributors who were involved but the Warner Bros was the main distributor. It has been directed by David Yates, an English filmmaker and the director of the last four series of the Harry Potter movie. His film efforts have been recognized by the BAFTA awards where he was awarded for his excellence film directing. He has also directed a number of movies i ncluding, Harry Potter Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and The Order of the Phoenix, the girl in the cafà ©, Sex Traffic, Yong visitors and the Minnie TV series, the way we live now, among others. Harry Potter films makes Yates become the most influential director of the series according to the end result of the movie which has a unique sense in terms of the visual look and the style of the movie. Besides that the director, David Yates, is known to focus on character development and bringing out the emotion felt by the audience. The actors in this series include Daniel Radcliffe , Ralph Fiennes, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Alan Rickman and others who have been actors of the series since its first production in 2001. By the start of the movie series, the actors were simple ordinary actors but after the 8th movie these actors have become stars (White np) .Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the box office, the film has garnered $214,887,891 around the United States and Canada by July 20th 2011 while the international markets recorded $425,300,000 making a total of $ 640,187,891 worldwide. Its first open day was recorded as the biggest open day in terms of gross revenues in several countries. In Australia, it recorded $7.5 million, in United Kingdom $14.8 million Belgium $1.4 million, Japan $5.7 million and so forth. Deathly Hallows – Part 2 also surpassed the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 record ($1.5M) for the largest IMAX midnight launch earning approximately $2M (Lemire np). Gray, Brandon. Weekend Report: Harry Makes History. Box Office Mojo. 18 July 2011. Web. Lemire, Christy. Review: Final Potter film is sad and satisfying. Sify. 2011-07-21. Web. McClintock, Pamela. Box Office Report: ‘Harry Potter’ Grosses All-Time Domestic Best of $168.6 Million. The Hollywood Reporter. 17 July 2011. Web. Schilling, Chris. â€Å"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 – review†. The Observer. 17 July 2011. Web. Silvester, William. Harry Potter Collectors Handbook. NY: Krause, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More White, Michael. â€Å"‘Captain America’ Opens at No. 1, Knocks ‘Potter’ From Top Spot†. Bloomberg. 2011. Web.

Biography of Numa Pompilius, Roman King

Biography of Numa Pompilius, Roman King Numa Pompilius (c. 753–673 BCE) was the second king of Rome. He is credited with establishing a number of notable institutions, including the temple of Janus. Numas predecessor was Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome. Fast Facts: Numa Pompilius Known For: According to legend, Numa was the second king of Rome.Born: c. 753 BCEDied: c. 673 BCE Early Life According to ancient scholars, Numa Pompilius was born on the very day that Rome was founded- April 21, 753 BCE. Little else is known about his early life. Some 37 years after the founding of Rome, Romulus- the kingdoms first ruler- disappeared in a thunderstorm. The patricians, the Roman nobility, were suspected of having murdered him until Julius Proculus informed the people that he had had a vision of Romulus, who said that he had been taken up to join the gods and was to be worshiped under the name Quirinus. Rise to Power There was considerable unrest between the original Romans and the Sabines- who had joined them after the city was founded- over who would be the next king. For the time being, it was arranged that the senators should each rule with the kings powers for a period of 12 hours until some more permanent solution could be found. Eventually, they decided that the Romans and Sabines should each elect a king from the other group, i.e., the Romans would elect a Sabine and the Sabines a Roman. The Romans were to choose first, and their choice was the Sabine Numa Pompilius. The Sabines agreed to accept Numa as the king without bothering to elect anyone else, and a deputation from both Romans and Sabines went off to tell Numa of his election. Numa did not even live in Rome; he resided in a nearby town called Cures. He was the son-in-law of Tatius, a Sabine who had ruled Rome as joint king with Romulus for a period of five years. After Numas wife died, he had become something of a recluse and was believed to have been taken by a nymph or nature spirit as a lover. When the delegation from Rome came, Numa refused the position of king at first but was later talked into accepting it by his father and Marcius, a relative, and some of the local people from Cures. They argued that left to themselves the Romans would continue to be just as warlike as they had been under Romulus and it would be better if the Romans had a more peace-loving king who could moderate their bellicosity or, if that proved to be impossible, at least direct it away from Cures and the other Sabine communities. Kingship Having agreed to accept the position, Numa left for Rome, where his election as king was confirmed by the people. Before he finally accepted, however, he insisted on watching the sky for a sign in the flight of birds that his kingship would be acceptable to the gods. Numas first act as king was to dismiss the guards Romulus had always kept around. To achieve his aim of making the Romans less bellicose, he diverted the peoples attention by leading religious spetacles- processions and sacrifices- and by terrifying them with accounts of strange sights and sounds, which were supposedly signs from the gods. Numa instituted priests (flamines) of Mars, of Jupiter, and of Romulus under his heavenly name of Quirinus. He also added other orders of priests: the pontifices, the salii, and the fetiales, and the vestals. The pontifices were responsible for public sacrifices and funerals. The salii were responsible for the safety of a shield which had allegedly fallen from the sky and was paraded around the city each year accompanied by the salii dancing in armor. The fetiales were peacemakers. Until they agreed that it was a just war, no war could be declared. Originally Numa instituted two vestals, but he later increased the number to four. The main duty of the vestals, or vestal virgins, was to keep the sacred flame alight and to prepare the mixture of grain and salt used in public sacrifices. Reforms Numa distributed the land conquered by Romulus to poor citizens, hoping that an agricultural way of life would make the Romans more peaceful. He would inspect the farms himself, promoting those whose farms looked well cared for and admonishing those whose farms showed signs of laziness. People still thought of themselves first as original Romans or Sabines, rather than citizens of Rome. To overcome this division, Numa organized the people into guilds based on the occupations of their members. In Romulus time, the calendar had been fixed at 360 days to the year, but the number of days in a month greatly varied. Numa estimated the solar year at 365 days and the lunar year at 354 days. He doubled the difference of eleven days and instituted a leap month of 22 days to come between February and March (which was originally the first month of the year). Numa made January the first month, and he may have added the months of January and February to the calendar as well. The month of January is associated with the god Janus, the doors of whose temple were left open in times of war and closed in times of peace. In Numas reign of 43 years, the doors remained closed, a record for Rome. Death When Numa died at over the age of 80 he left a daughter, Pompilia, who was married to Marcius, the son of the Marcius who had persuaded Numa to accept the throne. Their son, Ancus Marcius, was 5 years old when Numa died, and he later became the fourth king of Rome. Numa was buried under the Janiculum together with his religious books. In 181 BCE, his grave was uncovered in a flood but his coffin was found to be empty. Only the books, which had been buried in a second coffin, remained. They were burnt on the recommendation of the praetor. Legacy Much of the story of Numas life is pure legend. Still, it seems likely that there was a monarchical period in early Rome, with the kings coming from different groups: Romans, Sabines, and Etruscans. It is rather less likely that there were seven kings who reigned in a monarchical period of approximately 250 years. One of the kings may have been a Sabine called Numa Pompilius, though we may doubt that he instituted so many features of the Roman religion and calendar or that his reign was a golden age free from strife and warfare. But that the Romans believed that it was so is a historical fact. The story of Numa was part of the founding myth of Rome. Sources Grandazzi, Alexandre.  The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History. Cornell University Press, 1997.Macgregor, Mary.  The Story of Rome, from the Earliest Times to the Death of Augustus. T. Nelson, 1967.

Power and Politics Paper Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power and Politics Paper - Research Proposal Example Power and politics go side by side in an organization and if they are separated, the organization is affected negatively. Organizational politics are employed to gain reputation, to get some self-concerned benefit, to get promotion, to get financial increase, to get influence, to make decisions, to attain power, to get knowledge related to some confidential information and much more (Aronow, 2004). Organizational leaders such as the employers and other persons having power and influence make use of organizational politics to support the organization in terms of its interests. Leaders after attainment of information concerning organizational politics and their impact make use of them in order to enable the organization to get benefits in all terms such as expansion, financial gains and business development and much more (Aronow, 2004). While politicizing any issue in an organization, the leaders make sure that they inform about their participation to the management. They also make sure that they are backed by the management in their decisions and proposals. In change management and management of crises, organizational politics play a significant part (Malott, 2008). The organizational leaders have to identify and gather the people that are at their side. People are gathered at one side only because of organizational politics. Leaders are considered at the back of organizational politics as they exercise enough authority and influence on other employees of any organization. For the obtainment of power and influence, again organizational politics play a crucial role. The leaders are able to get reputation on the basis of the power that they can exercise on their co-workers (Malott, 2008). Politics can be found in any group working together. Some people consider that organizational politics are wholly disruptive. These people attempt at staying away from all kinds of organizational politics because according to them hard work

Managing Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing Sustainability - Essay Example And the human economy is a subsystem of this biosphere. From the session I came to know that according to the neo-classical concept, the market system is considered to be the preferred institution for allocating scarce resources. The market system accomplishes this wonderful feat using prices as a means of gauging resource scarcity. In sharp contrast to the Malthusians, neoclassicists believe that economic growth, through increases in per capita income and improvements in technology, provides solutions for both environmental and population problems. In other words, the solution to environmental and population problems is more, not less, economic growth. It was quiet evident to me that according to Malthusian doctrine of resource scarcity and economic growth, technology is not the ultimate escape from the problem of resource scarcity from which I agree to some extent but it doesn’t means that we should stop economic growth. Human beings have a natural propensity for self-destru ction while critics consider that the Malthusian predictions of economic collapse are unwarranted and moreover not helpful politically. In the neoclassical economics I came to know that resources are generally considered to be fungible. On that point I agree to the criticism that the link between the flow of matter–energy in the economic system and the natural environment is very much ignored. From my point of view, economic growth and technological advances should be viewed not as problems in themselves – the way Malthusians tend to view them, but as cures for stresses involving population, resources, pollution, and other environmental damages which were rectified to some extent in ecological economics. According to ecological economics, systems are complex, adaptive, living systems that need to be studied as integrated, co-evolving systems in order to be adequately understood (Costanza et al. 1993). Here, the human economy is viewed as a subsystem of the natural ecos ystem. The nature of the exchanges of matter and energy between the ecosystem and economic subsystem is the primary focus of ecological economics (Ayres 1978; Pearce 1987). Except for information, the natural ecosystem is the ultimate source of all material inputs for the economic subsystem. In this sense, then, nature can rightly be regarded as the ultimate source of wealth. In Sustainable development economics we studied three different conceptions of sustainability, namely Hartwick–Solow sustainability, ecological economics sustainability and the safe minimum standards (SMS) sustainability. Ecological economics presumes that the sustainability of ecological systems is a prerequisite to sustainable human economic development, and it views human and natural capital as complements. Market failures can happen when the benefits of natural or social capital depletion are privatized and the costs are often externalized. When natural capital is undervalued by society since we are not fully aware of the real cost of the depletion of natural capital then also market failures happen. Information asymmetry can also result in market failure when the link between cause and effect is obscured, making it difficult to make informed choices. From the session I agree to the view of Boulding (1966) â€Å"

Hat factors affect your choice of career Essay Example for Free

Hat factors affect your choice of career Essay Career choice is a complex phenomenon that can be better appreciated through a study of its key components, i. e. career and choice (Websters Dictionary, 1998). Dating back to the seminal works of Hughes (1937) and Goffman (1968), career has been the focus of many studies. However, the contemporary formulations of the concept by critical realists embody a layered conception that embraces subjective experiences and objective structures of work in interplay (Layder, 1993). The definition (choice) incorporates two components: First is the availability of alternatives, which presents an objective reality, and the second one, the act of preference, which involves a subjective process. If a reference to career choice is made, availability of career choices and the dynamics of choosing a career should be examined. Hence, in order for career choice to take place, there should be alternative career routes available and there should be an individual preference between these career options (Marshall, 1989). Career choice is a subject which has attracted academic, professional as well as public attention, due to its multifaceted nature. Since career is a result of the interplay between individuals within organizational and social structures, it yields well to analysis from diverse perspectives ranging from occupational psychology to organizational sociology. Research on career choice is not uncommon on occupational groups such as accountants and health care professionals (see Morrison 2004, Hallissey et al. 2000, Kyriacou and Colthart 2000). The aim of such research is often to predict career choice behaviors based on personality as well as demographic distributive factors. The present study aims to investigate students perception towards a career as Chartered Accountants. The topic is of interest since it is estimated that by 2020. Malaysia needs 65. 000 Chartered Accountants to fulfill industry needs (Abdullah, 2001). However, to date (as at 2010) only a number of 65. 000 accountants are mainly available. Given such statistics, it is almost impossible for the professor to meet the demands in the years time. As such, this study will shed some light or what is the perception of students toward these professors. The results could enable us to understand more the issue of career choice by accounting students. In Malaysia, accounting graduates from the public universities who are interested to register as public accountants are required to become members of the Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA). At present, MIA only recognized accounting graduates who graduated from the public universities or from professional accounting studies such as Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), Malaysian Association of Certified Public Accountants (MACPA) and Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA). That is, MIA only accepts candidates for membership who hold the relevant academic qualification listed under the Accountants Act 1967. It is therefore, arguable that the public university students would register to become public accountants as their qualifications are recognized by MIA. Several studies in the education literature have identified that students share a common belief that the accounting environment offer a higher supply of jobs compared to other areas of business (Paolillo and Estes, 1982; Wheeler, 1983; Cangelosi et al. , 1985; Kochanek and Norgaard, 1985). Of consequence, such belief plays an important role in choosing their career decisions. Further, these studies found their respondents preferring to become public accountants compared to other accounting profession (Carpenter and Strawser, 1970). In Malaysia, several studies have shown that accounting profession is still popular amongst the students (Goon, 1975, Samidi and Tew 1995; Hashim et al, 2003 and Said et al. , 2004). For example: Goon (1975) found that the majority of her respondents had chosen accounting as a profession. Samidi and Tew (1995) reported that the profession is still the most popular choice 20 years later. Said et al. (2004) found that the accounting profession ranked amongst the two most preferred careers given by the public and private university students. The previous research internationally has examined high school and perception of tertiary students of an accounting profession and their intentions to pursue accounting career as the choice to the main thing in accounting can be made at any educational level. However, in results are many inconsistencies. The most of these prior studies are quantitative surveys whose results are statistically analyzed using a variety of methods including univariate, multivariate and factor analysis. A small number of these papers also utilize a theoretical framework based on the Theory of Planned Behaviours (Cohen Hanno, 1993; Felton, Dimnick Northey, 1995; Allen, 2004; Tan Laswad, 2006). As such, there has been no attempt to determine the reasons behind the perceptions and intentions or to provide any insight into why there are differences. Some accounting education researchers suggest a need for further research that considers these areas, conceivably by using qualitative research approaches (Hardin, OBryan ; Quinn, 2000; Byrne ; Flood, 2005; Sugahara, Kurihara ; Boland, 2006). So this current study sheds insights into the factors that affect a students vocational pathway. It focuses on both undergraduate and graduate students in UUM. The rest of this paper is as follows. It first discusses the prior literature in the area and then outlines the research method. It is accompanied by results, the analysis and related discussion. Work at last represents the conclusions of the study, its limitations and opportunities of the future research. LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION. There have been many previous studies that have examined the choice of accounting as a career by students, including the factors and people (referents) that influence their choice, their level of interest in accounting, and their perceptions on careers as chartered accountants. PERCEPTIONS OF THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION. Some studies have found that people perceptions depend on many factors that influence their career decisions (Holland, 1966; 1973). Students perception effect them toward the accounting profession Marriot and Marriott (2003) term, the experience of students at the university and profession impact for pre decision. Therefore the monitor of public perception and students perception is very important for accounting professions, the relation between students perspective and perception of accounting (Nelson et al. , 2002, p. 282). Albrecht and Sack (2000) found that the important reason for declining the number of accounting graduate because they dont have more information about the meaning of accounting and accountants job. (Albrecht Sack, 2000, p. 28). Previous studies in USA identified that are many factors for those accounting students had no plan to accounting major and no idea to choose accounting as a career considered the accounting work environment (Cohen Hanno, 1993; Hermanson Hermanson, 1995; Saemann Crooker, 1999; Fransisco, Noland, Kelly, 2003; Allen, 2004). However, other research suggests the negative perception of accounting in Australian accounting university (first-year accounting students) (Jackling Calero, 2006), but the research in Canada suggests that the students have a high accounting perception (Felton et al. , 1994). Another research in New Zealand, found that the profession as boring for the final year of accounting students at five universities (Ahmed et al. 1997, p. 333). In addition, the study by (Laswad Tan, 2005, p. 61) suggests that business students have the impression that accountants are dull, boring, number crunchers. LEVEL OF INTEREST IN ACCOUNTING. Many studies suggests that those the accounting students (high school) have a more positive attitude towards accounting or becoming a CA, and those students more likely to study at university (Felton et al. , 1995; Hermanson Hermanson, 1995; Bryne Willis, 1995; Sugahara Boland, 2005; Hartwell et al, 2005; Tan Laswad, 2006). the students at high level they effect on those that choose a CA career Felton et al. (1994). Other research found that the students at the high school have experience and interest or matahematics those who choose accounting major (Paolillo Estes, 1982; Cohen Hanno, 1993; Allen, 2004; Bryne Flood, 2005; Hartwell et al. , 2005). In contrast, based in the study by Tan and Laswad (2006) suggests that skills and a background in mathematics are not an important of performance in accounting courses. Another study suggested that the accounting students (first or introductory ) has been argued the first year or introductory is good stage can effect for interest levels or accounting perception and they can impact on tertiary students career (Cohen Hanno, 1993; Felton et al. , 1995; Chen, Jones, McIntyre, 2005; Jackling Calero, 2006). Nonetheless, Saemann Crooker (1999). INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC CAREER RELATED FACTORS. A number of studies have indicated that the important factor for accounting students to discipline choice is job satisfaction (Paolillo and Estes, 1982; Gul et al 1989; Ahmed et al. , 1997; Auyeung and Sands 1997). However Paolillo and Estes, 1982 and Ahmed et al. , 1997 also suggests that the lower importance of intrinsic for accountancy. This is in contrast to the findings of Linden (1987), Adams et al. , (1994), Felton et al. , (1994) and Jackling and Calero (2006), who demonstrate that intrinsic factors are very important in career decisions made by accounting students. Some studies found that the interest and enjoyable in the subject is very important to choose accounting major Adams et al. , (1994) and Mauldin et al. , (2000), Saemann and Crooker (1999) this finding was further supported by results of Jackling and Calero (2006) suggests the enjoyment of the accounting topics can affect for students career in accounting. Other studies have found that many students believe the accounting curriculum impacts on students perceptions of the work of the accountant and their desire to pursue a career in accounting (Zeff 1989). Prior research has found misconceptions of what the level of interesting in accounting subject and accountants job are not the only factors that students dont choose accounting as a major Albrecht and Sack (2000) suggest that the high degree and career options are the reasons for declining of the number of accounting graduate. Therefore, intrinsic and extrinsic career related factors might also affect the choice of accounting as a career. There are many factors related to Extrinsic factors such as the job market, financial and career considerations, the costs of becoming a CA have also been examined in prior research. Job variety, availability, security and opportunities have all been proposed as possible factors that effect for accounting choice (Hartwell et al, 2005). Financial factors such as initial salaries and career consideration (potential long-term earning, prestige, career prospects) are the reasons for declining the number of accounting graduate Albrecht and Sack (2000), for example in the US school students 40 % focused opportunities for career promotion and 10 % valued financial rewards (Hartwell et al, 2005). The results for Japan study, suggests that the tertiary students were also attracted by career prospects and social status and prestige (Sugahara Boland, 2005). However, social status or prestige is not so important to Australian tertiary students (Jackling Calero, 2006). But some researchers suggest that the financial rewards dont impact for accounting choice and not as important as intrinsic factor (Paolillo ; Estes, 1982). However Sugahara ; Boland, 2005, they suggests initial earning were very important for tertiary students to choose their career. The result of New Zealand study argued that both initial and long term earning are important (Ahmed et al, 1997) MAJOR HUMAN INFLUENCERS OR REFERENTS. Prior studies suggests that the human or referents very important factor that impact for students for their career or to became CA ,some examination of the literature surrounding potential influencers or referents indicates there are five possible groups: parents/caregivers, friends, accounting/business professional members, university instructors and high school teachers/career advisors. Ahmend et al (1997) . (Cohen ; Hanno, 1993; Allen 2004). They use the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as its theoretical framework have identified that tertiary students make a choice of major, in part, based on what their relevant referents think they should do This was also the case in the Tan and Laswad (2006) study. Regarding the importance of parents. Sugahara ; Boland, 2005 found that the most importance or significant is parents to influence of students choice . However, other US studies have found them to be less important (Paolillo ; Estes, 1982; Hermanson ; Hermanson 1995; Maudlin et al. , 2000). When combined with friends, family was found to be significant (48%) by Hartwell et al (2005). However, friends on their own were seen to be less important in the studies by Paolillo and Estes (1982) and Hermanson and Hermansson (1995). Japanese study found that the members of accounting or business professions were the most influential referent for accounting students career(Sugahara ; Boland, 2005) and the second most influential one for US accounting majors (Cohen ; Hanno, 1993; Hermanson ; Hermanson, 1995; Allen, 2004). US research has further demonstrated that accounting professionals can have an impact on the perception of accountants and the accounting profession when they make planned presentations to introductory accounting courses (Fedoryshyn ; Tyson, 2003). The high school teacher and high school career advisor found by previous studies. Hermanson (1995) and Hartwell et al. (2005) . Some research such as Hermanson and argue that in the US, high school teachers / career advisors only influence 5 to 12% of their students career choice. They were also found to have a weak influence on Japanese students (Sugahara Boland, 2005). However, the studies in US and Ireland has identified that the influence of teachers for students to their accounting perception (Paolillo Estes, 1982; Mauldin et al 2000; Byrne Flood, 2005; Byrne and Willis, 2005). Even though the results are inconsistent, any misconception of accountants and the accounting profession by these high school teachers and career advisors has the potential to change a students major or career choice. Wells and Fieger (2005) in a New Zealand based survey of high school teachers found that there was a mismatch between high school teachers perceptions of accounting and accountings actual role and that the teachers had a low opinion of accounting as a career option for students. These results are similar to two other studies that utilize the same survey instrument, those of Hardin et al. (2000) and Sugahara et al. (2006). These two research studies suggest that high school teachers consider accounting monotonous and boring (Sugahara et al. , 2006, p. 416) and that the accounting profession has a serious perception problem among high school educators (Hardin et al. , 2000, p. 216) when compared to other professions such as medicine, law and engineering. Furthermore, the Wells and Fieger (2005) results support those of Fransisco et al. (2003) who conclude that, in addition to the boring image of accounting, some high school teachers in the US are not encouraging their brightest students to consider accounting as a career. High school career advisors perceptions of the accounting profession have also been investigated. Pollock, Papiernik and Slaubaugh (2002), in a US-based study suggest that career advisors thought that the accounting profession was uninteresting, stressful, time consuming and not that financially rewarding with accounting overall being viewed as boring. They were also not familiar with the CPA requirements. However, high school career advisors have not been examined in a New Zealand context. Many researchers suggests that the students not only influenced by own perception but there are many reasons such as teachers, parents, and friends that effect their choice in high school or university Harrison (1998), however prior studies found that the impact of teachers on a students very important in university to choose accounting as major (e. g. Paolillo and Estes 1982; Hermanson and Hermanson 1995; Geiger and Ogilby 2000; Mauldin et al. , 2000) Some studies also found that parents had strong influence on accounting decisions Inman et al. , (1989); Mauldin et al. , (2000) and Tan and Laswad (2006). The result about Asian students suggests that the important of human to effect of their opinions towards accounting major Auyeung and Sands (1997). Tan and Laswad (2006) also found that international students in particular regarded the views of parents and career counselors as important in their selection of intended major. METHODS AND DESIGN TARGET POPULATION. The target population of this study is the Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), students studying of postgraduate and undergraduate Accounting course in 2010. SAMPLE. The sampling procedures relied on convenience and self-selection. All members of the sample were enrolled at university Utara Malaysia in one of the Malaysia universities. they were either in an Accounting-major class. For this study, there were two Groups, postgraduate and undergraduate students in UUM. INSTRUMENT. The instrument came in the form of a modified from Satoshi Sugahara and Gregory Boland (2005) study, the Accounting Profession as a Career Choice for tertiary Business students in Japan . 112 the questionnaire included 17 questions. Seven questions were related to Demographic information, five Questions related to Career choice, and five questions were related to perception toward the accounting profession. The Perception questions dealt with topics that affected specific perception toward the accounting profession such as background for accounting, occupational attributes regarding an accountant, difficulties to become a CPA. The career choice questions dealt with future career plans and goals as well as major selection and development, influenced by people, and factors for career options and development. DATA COLLECTION. The data set used in this study was collected via questionnaires completed by 150 students undertaking the accounting major as part of their undergraduate and postgraduate studies at a Universiti Utara Malaysia. This unit of study represents the first unit of accounting studied in the undergraduate and postgraduate degree that is only completed by students pursuing an accounting major. The questionnaire collected background information relating to entry pathway, country of permanent residence and factors important in decision to major in accounting The present study replicated several aspects of prior study of Satoshi Sugahara and Gregory Boland (2005) ,the Accounting Profession as a Career Choice for tertiary Business students in Japan , a factor analysis using the Accounting Attitude Scale (AAS) developed by Nelson (1991). The 150 questionnaires were distributed and collected directly from the classrooms at each Class. After eliminating unusable questionnaires, an effective 112 responses (74. 66% response rate) were used. Most of the unusable responses were due to the incompletion of the Questionnaires STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. Factor analysis was selected as the prime method for our study. This method is usually conducted by using a combination of factor extraction and factor rotation. It is possible that by using the factor extraction method we can identify any underlying latent patterns of relationships among students vocational attributes. This has the effect of condensing the gathered information into smaller and more meaningful components or factors. The factors were identified by determining the optimal combination of attributes, which enabled more of the variance in the data to be explained compared to any other variable combinations. Among several factor extraction methods available, the principal component analysis was selected for this study simply because it is one of the more commonly used today. The optimal numbers of factors were determined by applying the most commonly used eigenvalues- greater-than- one rule (Kim Mueller, 1978). From the samples used in our study, two factor analyses were conducted for both the postgraduate and undergraduate accounting students groups. As for the factor rotation procedure, the Promax rotation technique was applied to assist us in the interpretation of potential influential factors. This method has also been widely used in previous studies, for example Ahmadi et al. (1995). Following the analysis of these vocational attributes a descriptor was assigned to properly reflect the meaning of the factor and grouped attribute. In addressing students perceptions of the work of accountants the study uses descriptive statistics to examine the attitude of undergraduate and postgraduate students towards the accounting profession. The study explored students attitudes towards the work of accountants following the methodology by Satoshi Sugahara and Gregory Boland (2005). RESULTS INTRODUCTION. In this study, questionnaires were distributed to students studying the accounting course in the UUM. Of the 112 useable responses 74 were female and 38 were male. The distributions of students by race were 88 Malaysian students (46 Malay, 38 Chinese, and 2 Indian), 12 Arab, and 12 other international students. GENERAL PERCEPTIONS. The results of the present study show that the majority (32. 14%) of the respondents chose their careers during Pre-High school. This may imply that the recruitment campaigns at schools are fairly effective, but that career guidance teachers should provide more information to enlighten students regarding the pros and cons of the profession. This is in line with the findings of Hermanson et al. (1995) and Paolillo and Estes (1982). However, Sale (2001) and Graves, Nelson and Deines (1993) found that the majority of students made their career choice only once they had registered at a tertiary institution. CAREER CHOICE MOTIVATION DATA. PERCEIVED CONSTRAINTS OF THE PROFESSION. FUTURE CAREER PLANS. There are four factors were identified for accounting students. These results explained 73. 953% of total variance. The Promax method was selected for rotation, and all attributes with factor loadings of more than 0. 5 were retained for the purpose of this analysis. The first largest factor for accounting students was interpreted as Intrinsic and extrinsic career related factors (23. 154%) confirmed by the two attributes such as chance to make a contribution and nature of job. The intrinsic value was specifically defined in prior studies (Felton et al. ,1994; Ahmed et al. , 1997) as the factor relating to ones satisfaction derived from jobs, which Provide the chance to be creative, autonomous, intellectual challenging and working in a Dynamic environment. Prior New Zealand research (Malthus ; Fowler, 2003) has indicated that although extrinsic factors such as financial rewards, prestige and other market related factors are perceived as important when choosing an accounting career, they are inconclusive as to whether intrinsic factors such as job satisfaction are also important. The financial rewards factor. Financial reward has been regarded as an important factor that affects a students career choice decision in many prior studies (Paolillo Estes, 1982; Kochanek Norgaard, 1985; Inman et al. , 1989; Adams et al. , 1994; Felton et al. , 1994; Ahmed et al. , 1997) In the present study, this factor, comprising good initial salary and good long-term earning. Nevertheless, we believe that the attributes of financial rewards were integrated with other attributes to form different factors. As seen above, the attribute good long-term earning was combined with the largest Career Prospects factor. Similarly, the attributes for financial rewards, for example good initial salary, come with job availability. Another factor for accounting students was interpreted as Job Market Conditions. This factor also has been observed in previous studies (Felton et al. , 1994; Ahmed et al. , 1997). The two attributes of element of job variety adventure and flexibility in career options were basically incorporated into this factor. The factor of working environment. Although accounting students consider this as one of the influential factors. In accordance with this factor, Buckley McKenna (1973) similarly regarded some attributes, for examples the length of work hours and other physical working conditions, as crucial aspects of employers job motivation, which would affect ones career choice. However for this current study factors contained the three following attributes: sufficient time for social life, length of work hours and good physical working conditions. Research has suggested that at high school, the study of accounting, an aptitude for mathematics and/or an interest in the subject impacts on the choice of accounting as a career with this choice potentially being influenced by the students teachers and career advisors. The high school and tertiary students who were studying accounting generally had a more positive attitude towards accounting and accountants. The perception as to what skills and characteristics are required for an accounting career potentially affects the type of student the career advisors may encourage to study accounting at high school. Nonetheless, the results also indicate that other factors played a role in the career decisions the students made. The final factor for accounting students was interpreted as The Major human influencers or referents factor ranked relatively lower for both student groups in deciding their vocational choice. The empirical study by Inman et al. (1989), Silverstone ; Williams (1979) and Mauldin et al. (2000) reported that parental influence was relatively stronger. Similarly, Cohen ; Hanno (1993), Allen (2004) and Tan ; Laswad (2006) discovered that close friends and business friends have exercised significant influence on students major choice when studying accounting. Previous New Zealand Laswad Tan, 2005, Charting a course into accountancy, Chartered Accountancy Journal of New Zealand, 59-61 research suggests that the most important referent for New Zealand students is their parents (caregivers). However, international research suggests other groups may also be important. It was apparent from all the student focus groups that the main referents were the students parents and family members, teachers, and people. Other referents mentioned were friends, and university. CORRELATIONS. Correlation is a vicariate measure of association (strength) of the relationship between two variables. It varies from 0 (random relationship) to 1 (perfect linear relationship) or -1 (perfect negative linear relationship). It is usually reported in terms of its square, interpreted as percent of variance explained. The use of partial correlation is usually restricted to simple models of 3 or 4 variables, 5 at the most (Cohon, 1983). Correlation will also be attenuated to the extent there is measurement error, including use of sub-interval data or artificial truncation of the range of the data. Correlation can also be a misleading average if the relationship varies depending on the value of the independent variables. This section reports the correlation analysis results of maximum figures of inter-factor correlation were 0. 294 between factor 4 and factor 2 for accounting students, and shown the relationship between factor 3 and factor 1 were 0. 261, also the correlation between factor 3 and factor 2 were (0. 236). STRATEGIES TO ENCOURAGE ACCOUNTING STUDENTS. As noted above the results of our factor analysis for accounting students revealed that the major influential factor was Intrinsic Value. It would appear credible that such occurrences may quickly drive a students career choice away from accounting. To address this worrying issue, it is necessary to disseminate appropriate promotional activities that can negate such negative images and convince students of the attractiveness attached to a CPA profession. Our study also reports that the factor Career Prospects is ranked relatively higher for accounting students. From the authors experience. The empirical evidence supports this. However, our study suggests that this kind of information can be very harmful to our brightest accounting students. The findings also suggested that accounting students seem to be quite sensitive to employability when it comes to Job Market Considerations. While this factor was ranked for accounting students, the sub section for accounting students contained two specific attributes: namely job availability and security of employment. Working environment and financial rewards are in common in terms of physical benefits. Several prior studies examined and found that these factors have significant influences on a students career choice in relation to accounting (Paolillo ; Estes, 1982; Kochanek ; Norgaard, 1985; Inman et al. , 1989; Adams et al. , 1994; Felton et al. , 1994; Ahmed et al. , 1997). In contrast, the finding of our study in Malaysia indicated that these were ranked as only minor factors. The results again confirm that both the professional body and the accounting firms should give more attention to the intrinsic values rather than the physical factors when marketing the attractiveness of a CPA career especially for the accounting students. As for the remaining influential vocational factor for accounting students, Persons Influences, was rated the lowest. Prior studies discussed the effectiveness of this factor but have failed to agree on this issue. Some studies insisted that Persons Influence is very important to a students career choice (Paolillo ; Estes, 1982; Cohen ; Hanno, 1993) while other studies have not supported this impact (Gul et al. , 1989; Ahmed et al. , 1997). The analysis of this current study in Malaysia supports the latter cases, which indicate that promotional activities involving other persons could be relatively ineffective in encouraging accounting students. Job market considerations were also ranked relatively higher accounting students. This also suggests we need to emphasize the importance of the economical and physical conditions of an accounting career, rather than the mental factors such as occupational intrinsic values that were more important to accounting students. Therefore, in establishing a career pathway accounting students may be slightly driven by these attributes in the short-term. This aspect should also be considered by the professional body and accounting firms when developing remuneration schemes. CONCLUSION. The purpose of this study was to observe factors profiles in career choice for accounting students. The results of our empirical study indicated that there were four factors, our study also suggests strategies for the accounting professional body and the accounting firms to develop and maintain the attractiveness of the CPA in accordance with the results of the statistical analyses. As discussed, the strategies to promote the accounting profession. There are several limitations in this study. The strategies used to promote the accounting profession to accounting students and vice versa. Any contradiction between the resulting strategic will diminish if we can identify students future career perspective at an early stage of their career. Secondly, the study only asked students opinion regarding the attributes influencing their career decision. We ignored the effects on career choice of personal values, which is regarded as one of the cognitive styles, may influence a students career choice (Kolb, 1981). Thirdly, this study focused on the domestic population. Since some of the findings in this study were unique to specific traits identified in Malaysia, it is difficult to conclude discussion without comparative counterparts. International comparative studies within several countries regarding this topic will be required in order to finalize the issues. These limita

every?Rockefeller Drug Laws? Essays -- essays research papers

â€Å"Rockefeller Drug Laws† In May of 1973, New York’s Governor, Nelson Rockefeller, made a set of strict anti-drug laws for the state legislature. The purpose of these laws was to stop the drug abuse epidemic that was occurring in New York during the early 1970’s. It was the most severe law in the nation; the drug laws were to punish those who possessed and sold heavy amounts of narcotics like cocaine and heroine and to hold them in custody for the amount they possessed or sold. For example, if the person was caught with the possession of two or four ounces of drugs on them the minimum time in a federal prison would be 15 years to life, no matter what age (if the offender was of 15 years of age or older). Many problems began to occur concerning the laws, also there were many critiques concerning weather or not it would work and be kept as a law. The Rockefeller Drug Laws is still one of the most brutal drug laws in the nation because of its ground breaking punishments. The laws state specifically that, â€Å"the statutes require judges to impose a sentence of 15-years to life for anyone convicted of selling two ounces, or possessing four ounces of "narcotic drugs". This made it clear for all those that were â€Å"dealing drugs† that this was a no-nonsense rule. This was the beginning of up coming events in history that lead to protests and also very famous summits done by family members of people in prison under the unfair ruling, friends and supports of those against the harsh laws to keep drugs off the streets. The purpose of the laws was to provide protection and isolation from people who were not yet involved with the drug epidemic. Also, it provided peace of mind for politicians that wanted to get the drug dealers off the streets permanently. For New York the drug war had just begun. Many people were for the new laws; they saw drug dealing as if it were just like murder because the death rate from narcotics at the time was increasingly high and the danger of the drugs being on the streets was worse. The consequences of these laws have become even exaggeratedly ridiculous. In many cases a first time drug offender being charged under these laws can receive a higher sentencing then a person convicted of murder or rape. This meant that by possessing a kilo of cocaine or... ...al job. I feel that not everyone that deals should be sentence to prison. Just because a first time offender is carrying a certain amount of kilograms, they are sentences according to that. This is injustice because a person who may have committed other minor crimes may be charged the same way as a person who made a mistake for the first time. Besides that sentencing everyone that makes a crime is extremely expensive. People who don’t have any type of connections with people who are place in prison have to be paying money to maintain them in prison. As we all know, drug dealing is still going on and it won’t be stopping any time soon. As you have read, even though the Rockefeller Drug Laws had so much demands upon it, still many continued to do it. In the article we read in class â€Å"Criminal Justice through the looking Glass, or winning by losing† illustrates how effective laws aren’t. one thing he says â€Å"I will not go so far to say that the criminal justice policy has made no contribution to the drop in crime rates.† Therefore, crime will always continue and what we should be worrying about is how to help these individuals who are making these crimes.

Cases Unclosed

cases unclosed cases unclosed Andres Bonifacio I feel sad after watching the documentary film of Andres Bonifacio because his death is a justified execution for treason and a murder fueled by political politics. Seing what's going on in our country now, and reading about what has happened before, I don't really see much difference. It's all about people not getting along, egos, ambitions and alliances. If they were just united during that time I think they will be successful in their mission of defending our country from enemies and gain the independence that they were hoping for.I admire Andres Bonifacio not just for being a self-educated man but also for his courage to organize a secret society called Katipunan. I think what happen to the Tejeros convention was a big mistake because he don’t deserve to be insulted by Daniel Tirona just because of his educational attainment. That is why I understand him when he left and declared the results of the election null and void in hi s capacity as the Supremo of the Katipunan. And just because of this, he was executed together with his brother in Maragondon Cavite.It is really absurd unfair and I am very disappointed with what had happened because unlike other Filipino heroes who were killed by enemies they were killed by our fellow Filipinos. Antonio Luna Like what had happened to Bonifacio it would have been more acceptable if it was our enemies’ bullets that shot and killed Antonio Luna but no; it was rather the hands of our own fellow Filipinos who inflicted him with not less than 40 wounds. It would even be more worth it if he died of fighting for the country but no, he was a victim of those cowards and traitors lurking behind the masks of â€Å"defenders of the country†.Inspite of his low temperance I considered Antonio Luna as one of the great men of history because he has determination to fight and defend our country from Americans. He is also well prepare to fight and had this courage to d epend the country until the end of his life. It is a bravery that some Filipinos don’t possess that time and because of this he gained many enemies. I felt sorry for Antonio Luna for they had all been unfair to him. But I do believe that Aguinaldo should not be blamed alone for his death because for me he is also a victim of circumstances.In my interpretation the killing of Antonio Luna was planned smoothly by using the telegram that they had manipulated, he died without even knowing it. If at the start he was aware about this unscrupulous plan that they are planning against him, he could have avoided being killed if he just hadn’t appeared in Cabanatuan where in the said â€Å"telegram† the president summoned him. But he wasn’t distrustful or suspicious that he even left his accompaniment outside the premises leaving him unarmed and vulnerable as he entered on Aguinaldo’s camp.The worst thing was: How come the soldiers who did him in were neither investigated nor punished? In our generation now, we need an Antonio Luna today who would not be listened to but, someone with the same act of bravery. Someone who’s intelligent enough to recognize the true horrors of what is going on in our present state of government GREGORIO DEL PILAR General Gregorio del Pilar fought a heroic battle at Tirad Pass in Ilocos Sur against a much larger American force to delay the American advance to ensure Emilio Aguinaldo's escape is a sign of his loyalty to Aguinaldo.Del Pilar was killed in the battle along with 52 others of the defending force. Inspite of criticisms about him, I still consider Del Pilar as one of the great Filipino heroes because saving Aguinaldo’s life is not just because of his loyalty and friendships to him but also a sign that he also cares for our country. I do not want to blame anyone for whatever happened in the past because like us our heroes were just a human beings too, imperfect, like all of us. Gregorioà ¢â‚¬â„¢s courage and determination to fight until his last breath are enough to consider him as a hero.He deserves to be respected and be admired by our youth today because without him, we cannot live the freedom that we are enjoying now. Philippine Martial Law Learning about what happened in the past helps me to understand our current situation now. I was inspired by the documentary film of Martial law because it gave me new information that was so important upon studying our history. I will admit that I am not so fun of studying our history but this time I could probably say that I love it now.As I reflect on the movie I see that Martial Law in the Philippines violated Human Rights and Democracy in the circumstances of arrests, detentions and searches made without court orders that time. The fundamental principles of legality and due process have been neglected, with security forces having unprecedented powers given by the head of state under this martial law. Election frauds were also perceived. Justice among those involve were deserted and abandoned and Justice for the country’s democracy were put in to trash.Martial rule and suspension of writ of habeas corpus, which allows warrantless arrests, detention and conduct of searches, have been a convenient solution for the police force's incompetence in enforcing their rudimentary duties. The soldiers have cemented their de facto superiority over the police in conflict areas. Marcos is not as bad as we think of him because in his two first terms, Philippines was the envy of Asia because of its rapid growth and development. He built several schools, hospitals, roads and cultural centers. In my opinion, if he just stay as what he is before probably he will not be known as bad person.But as people have the power sometimes they forget to fulfill their task as the ruler of one country. They forget the essence of leadership and human rights. And this is true in his time. And because of this selfishness and co rruption, our country suffered from an economic slowdown that they increase the unemployment in our nation. High prices increases and protestors began to increase along some areas like plaza Miranda. . Thanks for Nino Aquino, because through him, Filipino’s mind was enlightened to speak about their ideas and concerns about the government.I was happy to know that although there were many negative effects of Martial law in our country, the unity of Filipinos during that time was rebuild w/c was never seen for a long time. As a conclusion, I hope that what happened during this time should not be taken for granted in a sense that those suffered during this time will be remembered and be given a chance to receive what they deserve to get from the government. And I am hoping that one day; there will be someone from Marcos family who will have the courage to apologize in public for what had happened before. reported by: cris

Bridgeton Industries Essay

1. Describe the competitive environment for Bridgeton as well as the cost accounting system currently in use. When foreign competition and scarce, expensive gasoline began to play an important role in the market, Bridgeton began to lose domestic market share. The ACF Bridgeton plant faced new challenges in their production that led them to serious cutbacks like the closing of the ACF plant for manufacture of fuel-efficient diesel engines. By 1987, they classified their products in terms of â€Å"world class† competitive position and potential. With four criteria (quality, customer service, technical capability and competitive cost position) they classified their products in Class I (remain), II (observe) and III (outsource). The classification allowed Bridgeton to take decisions on how to better manage their products performance compared to their competitors. The cost accounting system was product costing, a mixed between job costing and process costing. 2. Explain why manifolds moved from Class II to Class III after oil pans and muffler-exhaust systems had been outsourced from the AC F. Despite improvements in the production process manifolds were downgraded from Class II to III. The results were not sufficient, even though they increased the uptime from an average of 30% to 65% they were behind their Japanese competitors that reached a â€Å"world class† goal of 80% uptime. In addition, as seen in Exhibit 2, the direct material costs for manifolds (based on stainless steel) is extremely high as a percentage of sales (around 40%) compared to the other products manufactured at ACF and at a better Class level. However, there was a doubt on this move due to the possibility of new market requirements for lighter weight (more efficient manifolds). This represented a good opportunity for ACF because as they manufactured manifolds with stainless steel, demand could increase and therefore selling price too.