The Determinants Of Exchange Rate Essay - 2043 Words

A Time Series Analysis of the Determinants of Exchange Rate: The Case of Bangladesh Raafi Zakaria ID: 13105025 ECO 430: Econometric Analysis April 2015 Submitted to: Tanvir Sobhan This paper was prepared for a course requirement in ECO 430: Econometric Analysis in Spring 2015 at BRAC University. Abstract This study aims to formulate a model to determine Bangladesh’s exchange rate based on several economic indicators. By analyzing data from 1981 to 2013, it is observed that macroeconomic factors such as liquidity, net trade, debt and foreign exchange reserves relative to the US are significant in Bangladesh’s exchange rate determination. Interest rates, output and inflation are however insignificant, contrary to theory. This paper also discusses the relevance of unobserved effects and government interventions in exchange rate movements. . Engle-Granger Cointegration test does not exhibit a long run relationship between exchange rate and its determinants and therefore calls for further analysis. Introduction Exchange rate- the price of one country’s currency in terms of another, is one of the most keenly monitored, analyzed and governmentally manipulated economic indicators. For the free market economies of the world, exchange rates are hugely significant since they have a crucial part in determining the level of international trade and investment. According to Uddin, Quaosar Nandi (2013), the greater the exchange rate, the worse the circumstancesShow MoreRelatedForeign Direct Investment1674 Words   |  7 Pageswatch). The determinants of foreign direct investment may be the socio-economic, financial and the cultural factors which usually have positive and negative effect on the foreign direct investment. The risk is attached to the determinants of foreign direct investment. This paper examines the major determinants of foreign direct investment exchange rate, market size, political instability, infrastructure, openness to market and military rule. Data constraints in Pakistan some determinants consider toRead MoreTheories of Exchange Rate Determination822 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic literature on the relationship between interest rates and exchange rates in full, it will be useful to briefly discuss some of the important theories of exchange rate determination. There are many theories such as the theory of Purchasing Power Purchase Agreement (PPP), the Flexible Price Monetary Model (FPM), Sticky Price Monetary Model (SPM), Real Interest Rate Differential Model (RIRD), and Portfolio Balance Theory (PBT) of exchange rate determination. The PPP to maintain equality betweenRead Morec) State and discuss the empirical framework that underlies the relationship of the study. FDI= ÃŽ ²1900 Words   |  4 PagesMillion) EX = Exchange Rate (Official exchange rate of local currency units per US$) ÃŽ µ = Error term Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the dependent variable measure in terms of RM Million. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Debt (DT) and Exchange Rate (EX) are the independent variables or explanatory variables in this multiple regression model .Both GDP and DT measures in terms of RM Million whereas for the Exchange Rate, the unit of measurement is official exchange rate of local currencyRead MoreForeign Direct Fdi ( Fdi )846 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of the country that receives it. The inflow of FDI is known to yield indirect benefits, such as enhanced employment opportunities, the improvement of the bal-ance of payments (BOP) account situation due to the increased availability of foreign exchange in an economy, and perhaps, most importantly, the prospect of the transfer of technology, manageri-al skills and other intangible knowledge to the host country which would allow domestic firms to improve their collective profitability and performanceRead MoreExport Pricing Strategie s1742 Words   |  7 Pagesperformed to identify the determinants of various export pricing strategies. A number of frameworks have been proposed by scholars. Cavusgil (1988) identifies six categories of variables having significant influence in determining export pricing. These are – a) Nature of product/industry, b) Location of production facility, c) distribution system, d) location and environment of the foreign market, e) U.S. government regulation, and f) management attitude. The determinants are extended by Myers, etRead MoreExternal Forces That Expect The Risk Of The Stock Market1224 Words   |  5 Pagesequity analyst, we expect the risk-free interest rate in the US to be 6.75%. Next will look at the U.S. equity risk premium, which will also be used in the best and worst-case scenarios. According to What is Equity Risk Premium, retrieved from http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/equityriskpremium.asp, â€Å"Equity risk premium, also referred to as simply equity premium, is the excess return that investing in the stock market provides over a risk-free rate, such as the return from government treasuryRead MoreThe Effect Of Political Changes On Egyptian Economy1438 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical changes on Egyptian economy by studying the direct and indirect effect of political risk index and its sub-indicators on number of important variables such as economic growth, employment, exchange rates, Egyptian Exchange main index (EGX30), foreign investment flows, domestic interest rates, and domestic public debt during the time period from 2006 to 2015 using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. The study concluded that political risk index and its sub -indicators have hadRead MoreExploring The Beliefs And Actions Of The Foreign Exchange ( Forex ) Market1728 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose This research was aim to discover the beliefs and actions of the trader in the foreign exchange (Forex) market, then adding to our knowledge about the microstructure of the Forex as well as trader’s view on exchange rate determination. Hence, it pointed out the divergence between economists’ and trader’s view. 1.2. Research method Authors used survey methodology with sample on UK-based foreign exchange dealers to collect analysis data. Specifically, 110 questionnaires were return from 1940 surveysRead MoreForeign Direct Investment Inflow Into Partner Countries1467 Words   |  6 Pageswith the logistic transformation of IIT, but the parameter estimate is statistically insignificant. DIST denotes the distance between Washington D.C. and capital cities of the U.S. trading partners and it generally considered to be an important determinant for both IIT and INT. Trade between neighboring countries tends to be large because distance is directly related to transportation cost. As a result, nations far from one another face high transportation costs will lead to reduced trade. The GravityRead MoreAssignment 101066 Words   |  5 Pagespoints) Change the Federal Funds Rate via Open Market Transactions (buying and selling gov t bonds on the open market). By far the most commonly used tool. Whenever you read about the Fed changing the interest rate they are referring to open market transactions the Federal Funds Rate. Since they cannot set the rate directly, but do it indirectly by buying and selling bonds on the open market, they usually refer to the desired interest rate as the target rate. 6. Choose one of the following

The Communication Within The Military - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1949 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? The American Civil War was the war fought between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South) within the United States. The war erupted after years worth of conflicts between the two sides. Eventually, the Union was able to take the victory home, which ultimately united both sides. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Communication Within The Military" essay for you Create order If the South would have taken the victory, it would have been two distinct sides. The victory of the Civil War has been accredited to the skill of the commanders, the fighting qualities of troops, and resources in men and material, when in truth, it was all thanks to much more than that, such as the militarys intelligence and communication networks. The use of communication in the military was essential for the victory of the Civil War. Although many people may believe that the Union won due to the North having larger and many more companies and factories, larger cities, and a better economy than the South, nevertheless the Union attained the victory due to their communication networks within the military because they gained insight into the other sides locations and etc., looked at tactics they were using and were able to advance. The use of communication in the military was essential to the victory of the war for the North. Whether if it was through the form of letters, spies, an etc. Due to the fact that the main source of communication during the civil war was through letters, people had to advance so that others for whom the letters werent intended for, wouldnt be able to identify the content of what was being said. Many of the times, letters were intercepted, and the information was leaked, which affected either the Union or the Confederacy. Letters evolved over time, using ciphers to uncover the true motive of the letter. Military communication was a prominent aspect to the victory of the Civil War. If the military had no type of communication, they wouldnt have been able to gain insight, know when they were overpowered, and other information that was essentially a necessity. Communication between the military and others was a necessity because they needed to know information, because they could not just go in blindly, they needed to know that they were doing the correct thing. For instance, the Battle at Gettysburg, was not a mere collision of the two armies, the Confederates were going in blindly, but not the Union. The Union had marched 150 miles knowing that they would be there, because of the soldier-spies, that had reported back to them. The Union had spies that communicated back to them, fourteen locally organized groups of spies, had granted the Union the information necessary for the victory at the Battle of Gettysburg. According to the primary source, Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820-1891) to Colonel Robert Crooke Wood, the historical context is that it describes the armies preparedness, during the time of the Battle at Vicksburg. Furthermore, the importance of this document is that it demonstrates how with the communication they held between each other, they were able to continue the war because they had knowledge of what was occurring and if they were ready at the moment. The intended audience is Colonel Robert Crooke Wood and the purpose is to inform the Colonel of his army being well supplied with surgeons, medicines, medical supplies and hospital accommodations. It is a piece of letter that informs about the soldiers battling at the Vicksburg and how he was worried because many of the population had been wounded. The perspective is from William Tecumseh Sherman, who commands an army, and this is important because it is a form of communication, in which was effective because they informed each other whether they were prepared to go to battle. This piece of evidence demonstrates how a method of communication within the military was through letters, which was very so effective because they were able to commu nicate important information such as being prepared to continue going into war. Based on the primary source, Knox, William (1756-1795) Knoxs army diary (incomplete), the historical context is that it is on information about military tactics around the Battle of Germantown. It mentions movements of the army and important events that had occurred. Additionally, the importance of this document is that it represents how the army was doing in terms of ground they covered, materials they were in need of, things they had encountered that was information that could benefit them. The intended audience is that due to it being a diary, it was either for himself or for future references, if anything ever happened to him, or if he had to make reports to someone higher in power or status. The purpose was to record the movements of the army around Philadelphia in September and October 1777. The perspective was from William Knox who was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the U.S. Army, who also served as the 1st United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1794. It is important because it records important information that was helpful for others in the military, like when it states on September 19, Intelligence recd. of the enemys pushing for Philadelphia the army crossd the Schylkill. According to a primary source, Knox, Henry (1750-1806) to Nicholas Eveleigh, it is another primitive example of how military communication helped the Union be at a stage of benefit. The historical context is that is notes important events that relate to that of war. For instance, it mentions how ships loaded with arms had arrived from France and that Lord Cornwallis nearly captured General Benjamin Lincoln. Moreover, the context is that it informs the intended audience of prominent information such as the shipment of materials that were needed for the continuation of the war. The intended audience was Nicholas Eveleigh, who was an American planter and political leader who was a delegate to the Continental Congress for South Carolina in 1781 and 1782. The purpose is to inform of important details regarding the war and possible information that would help in the future of the war. The perspective is from Henry Knox, the secretary of War and it is important because it lists reports that were prominent to the continuation of the war, such as war materials arriving. If they hadnt received insight on the arrival of the materials, they wouldnt have known, when to continue and when to go pick up the latest arrival. Military communication was also used to let others know of plans that had went through, whether they were struggling or etc. According to a primary source named, Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804) to James Duane, it demonstrates how the military communicated hardships or celebrations. In addition, the source is a piece of evidence that altered the war because many of those fighting the war, communicated about their losses and victories, in order to tell them details about how the other side was doing and the locations of where they were last at.The historical context is that it goes into great detail of the battle fought in New York, where they had to take the defeat due to them being overwhelmed. It states, abandon the fortress on York Island because the enemys strength was overwhelming. The intended audience is James Duane, a political leader throughout the war. The purpose is to inform the and give a response to James in terms of military actions that were taken and should be take n. It also informs of insight in terms of counties wanting to break away from New York and etc. The perspective is from Philip John Schuyler, a general in the American Revolution, and a United States senator from New York. This is important because it is a letter with intelligence that would benefit the Union, if they had received such important information. According to a primary source, Knox, Henry (1750-1806) to Lucy Knox, it demonstrates how even within family, military information was passed. The historical context is that it reports little activities since the retreat in the Battle of Long Island. It discusses military activities and the effects of such movements. The intended audience is Lucy Knox, the wife of Henry Know, I believe. The purpose is to inform her of important information such as military movements and life. Albeit, the information may seem to broad, in terms of its relation to the topic, the context of the letter was prominent because anyone who might intercept the letter would just see that there is communication between family, therefore, they would not care much of what the information could have potentially said. The perspective is from Henry Knox, a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the 1st United States Secretary of War. It is important because they o ftentimes speculated of military activities that would occur later on, due to the information they had received. They informed one another of details regarding the military and etc. Military communication was more like military intelligence because it helped the military advance and know certain information, such as locations, names of certain people, the events of the current situation and more. According to a secondary source, Military Intelligence During Americas Civil War,it mentioned how a major part of intelligence used during the Civil War was through the following source: spies, scouts, cavalry reconnaissance, captured documents, mail, newspapers, interrogation of enemy prisoners, deserters, refugees, contrabands (fugitive slaves) ordinary civilians, balloonists and signal corps stations of observation. According to a secondary source, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War, it mentions how essential communication in the military actually was. It discusses how the electric telegraph maintained speedy communication between Washington and armies in distant fields. By the ending of the war, the Union had strung over fifteen hundred miles of military telegraph line, whereas the Confederacy had only about a thousand. It was estimated that 6,500,00 Union messages passed over the wires during the war at a cost of about 40 cents per message. Ciphers were also very commonly used. The service arbitrarily assigned significance to certain words, or arranged words in a false position, throwing in meaningless words to confuse certain readers. According to a secondary source, The secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War, it mentions how the success was due to the militarys communi cation. It states, for example, the standard depiction of the Battle of Gettysburg as the accidental collision of two armies marching half blindly is found to be true only for the Confederates. Their 150-mile march from the Rappahannock River to Pennsylvania was penetrated by soldier-spies whose findings enabled the pursuing Federals to cross the Potomac simultaneously with the main body of the invaders, and unbeknown to them. The Confederates assumed dangerously dispersed positions across South-Central Pennsylvania, their movements reported by fourteen locally organized groups of citizen-spies and scouts. In conclusion, the communication within the military was essential to the victory of the Union. Without the military communication, the Union would have been unable to win against the Confederates. Although many historians may believe that the Union was able to take the victory to the South due to its tactics or a better sustained economy, nevertheless, the Union was able to become victorious due to the communication networks in the military because they were able to gain insight, they were able to learn certain tactics from the other team, being able to know the location from the other side and etc. Communication network was an aspect of the Civil War that was essentially the victory of the war, due to the reaps of benefits, such as the importance of information.

Central Dogma Paper Free Essays

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology was founded by Francis Crick in 1958. A central dogma of biology provides an explanation as to how gene expression occurs. The central dogma is the main thesis of molecular inheritance. We will write a custom essay sample on Central Dogma Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It states that DNA makes RNA, which makes protein. Genes control the traits by controlling which proteins are made. The process of Central Dogma of Molecular Biology is when DNA transcripts into RNA and then translates into protein. Transcription is the transfer of genetic information from DNA forming into RNA. The differences between DNA and RNA are the sugar that’s in DNA which is called deoxyribose and ribose for RNA which does not have sugar. When DNA replication begins, it begins at a specific point in the DNA molecule called the origin of replication site. The enzyme helicase unwinds and separates a portion of the DNA molecule. After the DNA polymerase separates a portion of the molecule it then initiates the process of replication in which DNA polymerase can add new nucleotides to a pre-existing chain of nucleotides. Therefore, replication begins as an enzyme called primase and it assembles an RNA primer at the origin of the replication site. The RNA primer consists of a sequence of RNA nucleotides, complementary to a section of the DNA strand that is being prepared for replication. The RNA primer is then removed and replaced with a sequence of DNA nucleotides. Then Okazaki fragments are synthesized and the RNA primers are replaced with DNA nucleotides and the individual Okzaki fragments are bonded together into a continuous complementary strand. During transcription deoxyribose nucleic acid is formed into another nucleic acid which is ribonucleic acid or RNA. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds onto the double stranded DNA molecule. RNA polymerase moves along the strand of DNA making a complementary single stranded RNA molecule. Here’s a good thing you could remember, take the root word ‘scribe’ out of transcription and think of it was a person who writes copies of important documents because that is what scribe means. Next is translation, it is the process of using the code in RNA to put together the protein and translation is a word that describes the transfer of information from one to another. Translation begins when messenger RNA binds to the ribosome. The RNA passes along the ribosome and brings out 3 nucleotides at a time. While that’s happening the amino acid that is being carried is also being transferred to the amino acid chain. After that is done the ribosomal complex falls apart and the protein is released into a cell. During protein synthesis, amino acids build a protein molecule that’s, of course, called protein synthesis. Synthesis means ‘putting together’, so that is a good way to remember protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is the cellular process of building proteins. Translation has a part of the central dogma that is also included in protein synthesis and transcription is not. Translation is just the decoding of RNA to make a chain of amino acids that will then, later, turn into protein. Overall in central dogma, DNA is simply the instructions to making proteins. How to cite Central Dogma Paper, Papers

South-East Asia

Question: Describe about the South-East Asia? Answer: Rising location: In the region of South East Asia, the rising countries for appropriate business locations are China, Dubai, India, Bangladesh and some part of Afghanistan. These countries are well developed and still developing in the business field, especially the countries like India and China, where the population is very high, in these two countries consumers are very good in numbers. New industries and Technologies: In this region small and medium business achieved huge success. As far as large business are concern, in Dubai and Afghanistan petroleum related business is well affirmed due to availability of raw materials and other resources. Though countries like India and China are considered as developing countries but in recent past they proved their improvement in the world business as to the technological aspects. Human Resources: In South East Asia, human resources are very much available, worlds two largest populated countries, China and India is located in this region, for that purpose in any business human resources are not a problem here. Now these countries are quite developed in skill developing sectors as well, so qualified employees will be available in this part of the Asia (Askegren, 2005). Political environment and risks: In all the countries located in this part of Asia, political environment is quite helpful, as these countries are looking for employment for their youths and development in the field of world trade, for that purpose they welcomes entrepreneurs to their countries. As far as political conditions are concern, risk factors are there but they can be eliminated (Bensahel and Byman, 2004). Markets: In this part of Asia, worlds two largest populated countries are situated. Generally small and medium price goods are more effective in the market of these countries, as there is huge population but these countries are still developing, so big pricing goods are less acceptable for the citizens of these countries (Cheung, Vikas and Ma, 2011) . Company strategies: The company should target the middle and lower middle class customers as they are the largest in numbers. Level of distribution must be very good as these are very big in territorial aspect. In certain level depending upon the type of the business joint ventures with the concern government can also be established (Chau, 2008). Macroeconomic environment: Economic equilibrium in these countries may be a problem as these are developing country and they are settling down their economic system. So it may be quite rigid in nature which may not be suitable for business economy (Hubbard, 2009). Energy and resources: Resources and energy level differs from one country to another but in general to the subcontinent region China, Dubai and India is quite developed in business sectors, here energy sources and other resources are not a big issue subject to some exceptions. Customer behavior: Here middle and lower middle class persons are the main consumers. Low price goods are sold in a rapid speed as the consumers are still surrounded by their basic needs and amenities. Fluvial, shipping, road transportation: In recent time subcontinent countries has developed their skills in transportation sector in noticeable mark. Shipping, flying and road transport are very developed now and suitable for business purpose too. FDI: By Foreign Direct Investment the entrepreneurs can earn a good profit by conducting their business in these countries and it will also help to enhance the economic aspect of the concern country (Blaine, 2008). References Askegren, P. (2005).Human resource. New York: Ace Books. Bensahel, N. and Byman, D. (2004).The future security environment in the Middle East. Santa Monica, CA: RAND/Project Air Force. Blaine, H. (2008).Foreign direct investment. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Chau, V. (2008).Relationship of strategic performance management to team strategy, company performance and organizational effectiveness. Bradford: Emerald. Cheung, Y., Vikas, K. and Ma, G. (2011).The evolving role of Asia in global finance. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Hubbard, R. (2009).Macro economics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Prentice Hall.